Thiocyanate in excess develops goiter followed by auto immune thyroid diseases even after effective salt iodization in a rural community of north east India.

PURPOSE: Salt iodization in Manipur of north-east India failed to prevent endemic goiter, therefore an in depth study carried out to evaluate thyroid functions of goitrous subjects in a randomly selected region. METHODS: Goiter survey conducted in children and women of reproductive ages by palpation followed by measurement of urinary iodine, thiocyanate and house-hold salt iodine to evaluate iodine nutritional status and consumption pattern of bamboo-shoots (BS). In all grade-2 goitrous subjects, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, TSH, TPO and Tg antibodies, thyroid volume and echogenecity by ultrasonography and cytomorphology of thyroid by FNAC studied. RESULTS: Study population was 2486 children and 1506 women, goiter prevalence was 12.59% and 16.27% respectively; median urinary iodine and mean thiocyanate were 166 µg/l and 0.729 ± 0.408 mg/dl while salt iodine was ≥30 ppm. Serum thyroid hormones and TSH profiles of all grade-2 goitrous subjects showed 16.21% were subclinically hypothyroid, 2.16% overt hypothyroid, 4.86% subclinically hyperthyroid and 6.48% overt hyperthyroid, serum TPO- and Tg-antibodies found positive in 41.62%. Ultrasonographic results showed 24% had enlarged thyroid and 86.4% hypoechoic. Cytomorphological studies showed prevalence of colloid goiter (41.08%), lymphocytic thyroiditis (37.83%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (8.10%), autoimmune thyroiditis (4.32%), sub-acute thyroiditis (2.16%) and 1.62% each papillary, medullary carcinoma, simple diffused hyperplasia and adenomoid nodular goiter. CONCLUSIONS: Grade-2 goitrous individuals in this mild goiter endemic region were affected by hypo- and hyperthyroidism with hypoechoic thyroid and thyroiditis. Thiocyanate that originates from BS even in presence of adequate iodine developed goiter and led goitrous population towards such diseases.

Iodine Deficiency and Toxicity Among School Children in Damoh District, Madhya Pradesh, India.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, and household consumption of adequately iodized salt in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh in 2016. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with cluster sampling method was used among school-going children. 30 clusters, each with 90 children were selected to access Total Goiter rate (TGR). 540 salt samples were collected to estimate salt iodine content from their household and 270 on the spot urine samples were collected to estimate Urine Iodine Excretion level. RESULTS: TGR was 2.08%. The prevalence of iodine deficiency, adequate iodine nutrition, and either more than adequate or toxic level of Iodine was 26%, 28% and 46 %, respectively. 72.4% people were consuming adequately iodized salt. CONCLUSION: Damoh district is no more an endemic area for iodine deficiency. We recommend continuous monitoring to assess IDDs as well Iodine-induced toxicity in future.

Thyroid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review.

IMPORTANCE: Normal thyroid gland function is critical for early neurocognitive development, as well as for growth and development throughout childhood and adolescence. Thyroid disorders are common, and attention to physical examination findings, combined with selected laboratory and radiologic tools, aids in the early diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To provide a practical review of the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of thyroid disorders commonly encountered in a primary care practice. EVIDENCE REVIEW: We performed a literature review using the PubMed database. Results focused on reviews and articles published from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2015. Articles published earlier than 2010 were included when appropriate for historical perspective. Our review emphasized evidence-based management practices for the clinician, as well as consensus statements and guidelines. A total of 479 articles for critical review were selected based on their relevance to the incidence, pathophysiology, laboratory evaluation, radiological assessment, and treatment of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Eighty-three publications were selected for inclusion in this article based on their relevance to these topics. FINDINGS: The primary care physician is often the first health care professional responsible for initiating the evaluation of a thyroid disorder in children and adolescents. Patients may be referred secondary to an abnormal newborn screening, self-referred after a caregiver raises concern, or identified to be at risk of a thyroid disorder based on findings from a routine well-child visit. Irrespective of the path of referral, knowledge of the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules, as well as the general approach to evaluation and management, will help the primary care physician complete an initial assessment and determine which patients would benefit from referral to a pediatric endocrinologist. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Early identification and treatment of thyroid disease in children and adolescents is critical to optimize growth and development. The primary care physician plays a critical role in identifying patients at risk. An understanding of risk factors, clinical signs and symptoms, and interpretation of screening laboratories ensures an efficient and accurate diagnosis of these common disorders. Regular communication between the primary care physician and the subspecialist is critical to optimize outcome because the majority of patients with thyroid disorders will require long-term to lifelong medical therapy and/or surveillance.

Maternal Overt Hypothyroidism and Neurobehavioral Outcome of Neonates: A Cohort Study from an Iodine-deficient Area of Northern India.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between maternal overt hypothyroidism and neurodevelopmental outcome of neonates in iodine-deficient region of Northern India (Kashmir Valley). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Endocrinology department of a tertiary-care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 82 hypothyroid pregnant women were enrolled and followed up till delivery. The neonates born to this group represented the case neonates. 51 euthyroid healthy pregnant women were selected as control group. The neonates born to these mothers served as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Early neonatal behavioral assessment at 3-4 weeks of age. RESULTS: The mean TSH and free T4 in neonates of mothers with well controlled hypothyroidism was significantly different from those born to mothers with poorly controlled hypothyroidism and controls in 1st trimester, but the difference was statistically insignificant for 2nd and 3rd trimester values. CONCLUSION: Overt maternal hypothyroidism in iodine-deficient area constitutes a risk factor for an abnormal neurobehavioral development of affected child.

Effect of maternal iodine supplementation on thyroid function and birth outcome in goiter endemic areas.

OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to examine the clinical and endocrine parameters of thyroid in a total of 460 pregnant women belonging to non-goiter areas (group 1; n = 156) and endemic areas without (group 2; n = 154) and with iodine supplementation (group 3; n = 150), and their respective newborns. METHODS: Women of group 3 with visible goiter were administered two capsules of iodized oil orally each containing 200 mg of iodine, from weeks 6--8 of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from all groups during each trimester, at parturition (umbilical cord blood) and after delivery. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured by specific enzyme immunoassays. RESULTS: In group 2, serum T4 concentrations were low while T3 and TSH levels were high which showed hypothyroidism in the women of endemic areas. Goiter size decreased in most of the subjects who received a single dose of iodized oil and resulted in increase in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones; whereas, TSH levels decreased. Iodine supplementation also resulted in raised T4 and low TSH levels in the cord blood of neonates. During the course of study, two abortions, three still births and one cretin were reported in group 2; none was reported in group 3; and one still birth was reported in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: The oral administration of a single dose of iodized oil is capable of correcting iodine deficiency both clinically and endocrinologically in mothers and neonates. Iodine supplementation has the potential to positively impact the birth weight of newborns.

[Thyroid surgery applicable in developing countries]. / Chirurgie de la thyroïde applicable dans les pays en développement.

Thyroid surgery in developing countries is performed by general surgeons with limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources. The aim of this review is to describe the indications for and appropriate type of surgery according to the diseases observed. Endemic goiter (grade 1 and 2) usually regresses with iodine therapy. Surgery is indicated only for its complications: mechanical, neoplastic, or related to hyperthyroidism. The choice of operation depends on the specific disease and also on the likelihood that thyroxine will be continuously available for the patient's lifetime. Total thyroidectomy should be avoided whenever possible if thyroxine supplies are unreliable. Hemithyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy are the techniques that should be used in priority.

Valores de referencia y estudio de la variabilidad de hormonas tiroideas en gestantes de El Bierzo / Reference values and variability study of thyroid hormones in pregnant women from El Bierzo

Antecedentes y objetivos La zona de El Bierzo se caracteriza por una baja yoduria en la población gestante. Las guías recomiendan establecer valores de referencia locales para el diagnóstico de la disfunción tiroidea en el embarazo. Los objetivos fueron obtener valores de referencia de tirotropina (TSH), tiroxina libre (T4L) y triyodotironina libre (T3L) en gestantes de primer trimestre y estudiar los factores que intervienen en la variabilidad de estas hormonas. Pacientes y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 412 gestantes con determinaciones en suero de TSH, T4L y T3L en el primer trimestre; se excluyeron 163 por condiciones con posible influencia sobre la función tiroidea. Para el estudio de los valores de referencia se excluyeron además 30 mujeres fumadoras. El estudio de la variabilidad se realizó para los factores edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y fumar, mediante análisis de la covarianza multifactorial. Resultados Los valores de referencia en gestantes de primer trimestre fueron: TSH: 0,497-3,595 mUI/l; T4L: 0,90-1,42 ng/dl; T3L: 2,49-3,56 pg/ml. La TSH depende de la edad de la madre y de la interacción entre la edad y fumar. La T3L depende del IMC de la madre y de fumar, existiendo además una interacción entre ambos factores. Conclusión Los valores de referencia obtenidos pueden utilizarse para valorar la disfunción tiroidea en mujeres gestantes de El Bierzo. Los valores de TSH y T3L están influidos por la edad de la madre, el IMC y fumar, además de por las interacciones entre estos factores (AU)

Background and objectives El Bierzo area is characterized by low urinary iodine levels in the pregnant population. Guidelines recommend that local reference values are established for the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Our objectives were to establish reference values for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in women in the first trimester of pregnancy and to explore the factors influencing variability in these hormones. Patients and methods A retrospective study of 412 women in the first trimester of pregnancy who were measured serum levels of TSH, FT4, and FT3; 163 women with conditions with a potential influence on thyroid function were excluded. Thirty smoking pregnant women were also excluded from the study of reference values. Factors examined in the variability study included age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking. A multifactorial analysis of covariance was performed. Results Reference values in first-trimester pregnant women were: TSH: 0.497-3.595 mIU/L; FT4: 0.90–1.42 ng/dL; FT3: 2.49–3.56 pg/mL. TSH levels depended on mother age and on interaction between age and smoking. FT3 levels depended on the mother's BMI and smoking, and there was also an interaction between both factors. Conclusion The reference values found may be used to assess thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women from El Bierzo. TSH and FT3 levels are influenced by age and BMI of the mother and by smoking, in addition to the interaction of these factors (AU)

The Marine-Lenhart syndrome revisited.

The coexistence of thyroid autonomy (Plummer's disease) and Graves' disease has been termed "Marine-Lenhart syndrome". During the last years, several papers have been published on the development of Graves' disease shortly after radioiodine therapy of Plummer's disease (autonomy). Especially in patients with elevated thyroid antibodies, the incidence of this event is significantly higher after radioiodine therapy of autonomy. A review of the literature dating back to 1911 is discussed in this paper. The original paper published by Marine and Lenhart comes to the conclusion that the two diseases are different expressions of one disease. Looking at the literature, we have to state now that the Marine-Lenhart syndrome has never existed: With Plummer we know now that Plummer's and Graves' disease are different diseases. They may develop in the same patient but independent from each other.

State of the art: surgery for endemic goiter--a plea for individualizing the extent of resection instead of heading for routine total thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: During the past 150 years of nodular goiter surgery, the pendulum has been swinging from limited to more extensive forms of thyroidectomy and all the way back reflecting the challenges of striking a balance between surgical morbidity and disease recurrence. PURPOSE: This article aimed at providing guidance for individualizing decisions using a risk-oriented surgical approach to endemic goiter based on literature review and personal experience. DISCUSSION: The following arguments favor total thyroidectomy: (a) Endemic goiter involves the entire thyroid gland; (b) Increasing standardization and specialization supported by better visualization, surgical devices, and intraoperative parathyroid hormone assays have decreased surgical morbidity; (c) One third of goiter patients require completion thyroidectomy for incidental thyroid cancer; (d) Recurrent goiter is frequently seen on ultrasonography after subtotal thyroidectomy; (e) Thyroid hormone replacement is well tolerated and inexpensive. Important counter-arguments include: (a) Restoration of iodine sufficiency does not reverse nodular goiter nor can the growth of individual nodules be predicted; (b) To gather the annual case load necessary to achieve improved outcomes, surgeons need to "super-specialize", which may not be viable globally; (c) Many incidental cancers are detectable through high-resolution ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration cytology, and frozen section during thyroidectomy; (d) Not all recurrent goiters require reoperations; (e) Thyroid hormone replacement is not available and affordable everywhere. CONCLUSION: The higher surgical morbidity associated with total thyroidectomy, notably recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism, calls for individualizing the extent of resection for endemic goiter as a new standard of care instead of heading for routine total thyroidectomy.

Evaluation of iodine, iron, and selenium in biological samples of thyroid mother and their newly born babies.

BACKGROUND: There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altered in thyroid patients. AIM: The aim of present study was to compare the status of essential trace elements, iodine, iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) in biological samples (serum and urine) of goitrous mothers (age ranged 30-40) and their newly born infants (n=76). An age matched 68 non-goitrous mothers and their infants, residing in the same locality, were selected as referents. For a comparative study, the biological samples of non-goitrous and goitrous pregnant and non pregnant female subjects of the same age group and socio-economic status were also analyzed. METHODS: The Fe and Se concentrations in biological samples were determined by a flame and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry respectively, while iodine was measured by iodide-ion selective electrode, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked by certified reference materials. RESULTS: The mean values of iodine, Fe and Se in serum and urine samples of thyroid mothers and their infants were significantly lower as compared to the referent mothers-infants pairs (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The deficiencies of essential trace elements may adversely affect the health of women and their neonates.

[Iodine deficiency in infancy - a risk for cognitive development]. / Jodmangel im Säuglingsalter - ein Risiko für die kognitive Entwicklung.

Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy seriously influences fetal brain development and in the worst case induces cretinism. Recent studies have shown that even a mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy and during the first years of life adversely affects brain development. The World Health Organisation (WHO) considers iodine deficiency as the most common preventable cause of early childhood mental deficiency. In this context, the insufficient production of the four iodine atoms containing thyroxine seems to play a causal role, i. e., due to the iodine substrate deficiency the neuronally particularly relevant free-thyroxine level falls. Due to the very limited iodine storage capacity, the infantile thyroid is eminently dependent on an adequate and steady iodine supply. In the first month of life, when milk is the only energy- and nutrient provider, infants fed a commercial formula regularly have a sufficient iodine supply. However, breastfed infants, who depend on maternal iodine status, frequently show an inadequate iodine intake. Furthermore, iodine intake is critical when complementary food (CF) is introduced. Especially homemade CF is poor in iodine, but also commercial CFs are only partly fortified. A simultaneous inadequate iodine supply of the breastfeeding mother and the preferential use of mostly iodine-poor organic milk cannot ensure an adequate iodine supply of the infant. In terms of an improvement of nutrient supply, especially concerning an unhindered brain development, the corresponding German reference value for iodine intake of infants until age 4 month should be raised from currently 40 microg/d to at least 60 microg/d (WHO-reference: 90 microg/d).

Monitoreo de DDI en la provincia de Neuquén (2004) / DDI monitoring in the province of Neuquén (2004)

Un total de 235 alumnos de escolaridad primaria, de ambos sexos, fue estudiado en este monitoreo de bocio endémico en dos localidades de la provincia de Neuquén: Junín de los Andes (186 niños) y Chiuquillihuin (49 niños). La edad de los escolares osciló entre 5 y 15 años. La palpación tiroidea fue hecha por el conjunto de los médicos participantes. Sin embargo, con la finalidad de aunar criterios con lo realizado previamente (1-20), se tomó como única referencia la palpación de H.N., que se llevó a cabo en la totalidad de los niños estudiados. La definición del grado de bocio fue similar a la utilizada en los otros relevamientos (1). Se determinó la yoduria en muestras casuales de orina emitidas por los niños una vez que fueron palpados (100 de Junín de los Andes y 36 de Chiuquillihuin). Se recolectaron 125 muestras de sal de consumo hogareño de Junín de los Andes y 33 de Chiuquillihuin, para medir su contenido en yodo. El examen palpatorio de los niños reveló la existencia de bocio grado 1 en 7 niños y grado 2 en una niña, todos ellos de Junín de los Andes. La prevalencia de bocio encontrada fue de 4,3% en Junín de los Andes y de 0% en Chiuquillihuin. Los niveles de yoduria alcanzaron, en Junín de los Andes, una media de 182±62(DS)μg/L y una mediana de 168μg/L, al tiempo que en Chiuquillihuin la media fue de 212±101μg/L y la mediana de 176μg/L. El contenido de yodo de las sales, que aportaron los alumnos desde sus hogares, fue adecuado en la mayoría de las muestras. De esta manera, observamos que en la ciudad de Junín de los Andes el promedio de yodo en la sal, tomada en conjunto, fue de 34,6 ± 12,4 mg/Kg, mientras que para Chiuquillihuin fue de 23,6 ± 18,2 mg/Kg. Al analizar las concentraciones de yodo <15mg/ Kg, observamos que fue del 4,1% en Junín de los Andes y del 36,4% en Chiuquillihuin. Teniendo en cuenta la línea de corte del 10% que fija el ICCIDD (21) como valor óptimo, podemos observar que la situación es muy satisfactoria en Junín de los Andes, pero no así en Chiuquillihuin. Sin embargo, las yodurias de esta última localidad fueron óptimas, por lo que es probable que otras sales con buen contenido en yodo hayan condimentado los alimentos envasados consumidos por esta población Mapuche. Concluimos que en estas dos poblaciones de la provincia de Neuquén ya no existe bocio endémico.

Monitoreo de DDI en la zona andina de la provincia de Chubut (2004) / Monitoring of DDI in the Andean zone of the province of Chubut (2004)

Un total de 444 alumnos de escolaridad primaria, de ambos sexos, fue estudiado en este monitoreo de bocio endémico en dos localidades de la zona andina de la provincia de Chubut: Esquel (292 niños) y Cushamen (152 niños). La edad de los escolares osciló entre 5 y 13 años. La palpación tiroidea fue hecha por el conjunto de los médicos participantes. Sin embargo, con la finalidad de aunar criterios con lo realizado previamente (1-20), se tomó como única referencia la palpación de H.N., que se llevó a cabo en la totalidad de los niños estudiados. La definición del grado de bocio fue similar a la utilizada en los otros relevamientos (1). Se determinó la yoduria en muestras casuales de orina emitidas por los niños una vez que fueron palpados (139 de Esquel y 133 de Cushamen). Se recolectaron 213 muestras de sal de consumo hogareño de Esquel y 144 de Cushamen, para medir su contenido en yodo. El examen palpatorio de los niños reveló la existencia de bocio grado 1 solamente. La prevalencia de bocio encontrada fue de 2,1% en Esquel y de 3,3% en Cushamen. Los niveles de yoduria alcanzaron, en Esquel, una media de 238±119(DS)μg/L y una mediana de 214μg/L, al tiempo que en Cushamen la media fue de 270±187μg/L y la mediana de 238μg/L. El contenido de yodo de las sales que aportaron los alumnos tuvieron un nivel adecuado de yodo, sobre todo en aquellas de consumo masivo. De esta manera, observamos que en la ciudad de Esquel el promedio de yodo en la sal, tomada en conjunto, fue de 30,6 ± 8,1 mg/Kg, mientras que para Cushamen fue de 31,1 ± 10,5 mg/Kg. Al analizar las concentraciones de yodo <15mg/Kg, observamos que fue del 3,0% en Esquel y del 7,4% en Cushamen. Teniendo en cuenta la línea de corte del 10% que fija el ICCIDD (21) como valor óptimo, podemos observar que la situación de ambas poblaciones es muy satisfactoria. Concluimos que en estas dos poblaciones de la zona andina de la provincia de Chubut ya no existe bocio endémico.

Malignancy rates in operated patients with hyperthyroidism in an area of endemic goiter.

We aimed to evaluate the incidence of thyroid cancer in Turkish patients with hyperthyroidism who had undergone thyroid surgery. The data of 344 patients who had been operated on for hyperthyroidism between 1998 and 2006 at our center were evaluated retrospectively. Sixty-five of the subjects had single toxic adenomas, 223 had toxic multinodular goiter, and 56 had Graves' disease. In 35 of 344 patients (10.1%), papillary carcinoma was diagnosed. Other forms of thyroid carcinomas were not observed. The rate of carcinoma was found to be 11.6% in patients with toxic multinodular goiter, 7.7% in patients with single toxic adenomas, and 7.1% in patients with Graves' disease. Occult papillary carcinoma was found in 62.9% of all malignancy diagnoses. The primary aim in the surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism should be to abolish the hyperthyroid state. However, the probability of malignancy, especially occult carcinoma, should always be considered.

PET-TC en Endocrinología / PET-CT in Endocrinology

El examen PET-TC ha ganado un lugar en el estudio de los tumores de origen endocrino. El marcador metabólico 18F-FDG es el más empleado internacionalmente y el único por el momento en nuestro medio. Las principales limitaciones del método en Endocrinología incluyen la alta diferenciación y baja agresividad de la mayoría de los tumores endocrinos, dificultad en la identificación de lesiones de escasa celularidad y el pequeño tamaño. Las indicaciones para su empleo deben ser precisas debido a que no todos los tumores presentan sustancial avidez por este compuesto por una parte y poder extraer la máxima eficacia diagnóstica del método con adecuadas indicaciones por la otra. La indicación más importante es en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) con valores de Tg elevados y barridos con 131I negativos. Es aconsejable su indicación con valores de Tg mayores a los 10 ng/ml y con TSH estimulada (endógena o exógena). El objetivo es la localización de las recidivas y metástasis para su exéresis o el empleo de otras terapias alternativas al 131I. Tiene alto valor pronóstico ya que es mayor la fijación de FDG en las lesiones más agresivas. Un paciente con Tg elevada, barrido con 131I negativo y FDG positivo obliga al clínico a actuar más agresivamente para eliminar los focos patológicos, mientras que con FDG negativo puede tener una conducta expectante con controles posteriores. La introducción de otros marcadores emisores de positrones específicos como el 124I, isótopo del Iodo, seguramente aportarán mejores imágenes y diagnósticos. En los tumores neuroendocrinos la FDG tiene limitada aplicación, salvo cuando hay un grado significativo de desdiferenciación. En el cáncer medular de tiroides (CMT) es conveniente indicarlo cuando los niveles de calcitonina superan los 1000 pg/ml con el objeto de localizar el/los sitios de su producción. Con la introducción de radiofármacos más específicos de las diferentes líneas celulares que componen el espectro de los tumores neuroendocrinos con emisores de positrones, tales como 18F-DOPA, 68Ga DOTA, 11C metomidato, 11C-5-hidroxitriptofano, etc., se podrá estudiar con mayor precisión el comportamiento metabólico-molecular de estos tumores.

PET/CT scans have reached an important place in the evaluation of endocrine tumors. The metabolic marker 18F-FDG is the most widespread over the world, and, for the time being, it is the only one available in our country. The limitations of this technique in Endocrinology include high differentiation and low aggressiveness of most endocrine tumors, and low detection rate for low cellularity and/or small lesions. Indications for PET/CT scan in these tumors should be precise, due to the fact that not all of these lesions are significantly glucose-avid and to extract the maximum diagnostic efficacy of this modality to achieve the optimum diagnostic accuracy. The most important indication is DTC with high Tg levels and negative 131I scans. It is advisable to indicate a PET/CT scan in patients with Tg > 10 ng/ml and stimulated TSH (endogenous or exogenous). The aim is to locate recurrencies and metastases in order to remove them, either surgically or by any other therapy alternative to 131I. Due to higher uptake in more aggressive lesions, this study has a high prognostic value. In patients with high Tg levels, negative I-131 scan, and abnormal FDG uptake, the practitioner must act more aggressively in order to remove the pathologic foci, while with a negative FDG -PET scan, the conduct can be expectant, with periodic follow-up. The introduction of other positron-emitting tracers like 124-Iodine, is likely to yield superior quality images and provide better diagnoses. FDG has a limited efficiency in neuroendocrine tumors, unless they show a significant level of desdiffer-entiation. The scan is indicated in MTC, when calcytonin levels are above 1000 pg/ml, in order to locate the tumor sites. With the introduction of more specific positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, such as 18F-DOPA, 68Ga DOTA, 11C metomidate, 11C-hidroxytriptophan and others, it will be possible to study the metabolic-molecular behavior of these tumors with a more accurate approach.

Supervisión del déficit de yodo en Salta Capital / Surveillance of iodine deficiency in Salta Capital

El déficit de yodo (IDD) es un problema de Salud Pública que afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo causando alteraciones en la neuromaduración que pueden ser evitados si se realiza una yodoprofilaxis adecuada. Objetivo: Realizar un monitoreo de IDD en la localidad de Salta Capital, por su ubicación geográfica y hábitos alimentarios con posible consumo regional de sal no iodada. Material y métodos: En 442 escolares (221 mujeres) de 5 a 14 años de edad, se evaluaron: peso, SDS talla y, SDS BMI. Se realizó la palpación tiroidea y el volumen glandular fue clasificado según los criterios de la OMS. En 97 niños se determinó la yoduria en muestras casuales de orina por el método de Sandell y Kolthof modificado. Se analizó la distribución de los niveles de TSH de la pesquisa neonatal (IFMA-DELFIA) realizada en la región de los 18 meses previos al estudio Se aplicaron los criterios de suficiencia iodada establecidos por la OMS/ ICCDD Resultados: La prevalencia de bocio fue de 6.3 %. Los niveles de yoduria fueron: mediana de 127.5 ug/l con 20 % < 50 ug/l. Sólo el 1.6 % de las muestras de TSH neonatal fueron > 5 uU/ml. Cuando se aplicaron los criterios de la OMS la prevalencia de bocio superaba levemente lo esperado para una zona suficiente y los niveles de ioduria correspondían con un aporte iodado adecuado pero marginal en su distribución. La distribución de TSH fue la esperada para una zona suficiente. Conclusión: Si bien el aumento de la prevalencia de bocio podría explicarse por factores ambientales la distribución marginal de la ioduria señala un aporte de yodo suficiente pero con necesidad de supervisión estrecha.

The iodide deficit disorder (IDD) is a worldwide Public Health problem that affects more than a million subjects causing neuromadurative disorders that could be avoided with adequate iodide supply. Objective: To monitor IDD in Salta Capital, due to its geographic location and possible utilization of non iodated salt. Population and methods:. SDSHeight , SDS BMI and weight were assessed in 442 scholars (221 girls) aged 5 to 14. Thyroid volume was evaluated and classified according to WHO criteria. In 97 children iodide urinary concentration was measured in casual urine samples by the modified Sandell and Kolthof method.TSH level's distribution of the neonatal screening performed in the region 18 months prior to this study (n 310) was evaluated. Criteria suggested by WHO to indicate iodide deficiency were applied. Results: Goitre prevalence was 6.3%, Iodide urine median levels were 127.5 ug/l with 20% < 50 ug/l. Only 1.6% of the 310 TSH samples were > 5 μU/ml. Applying WHO criteria goiter prevalence was higher that expected for a iodide sufficient area and urine iodide content was normal but marginal in its distribution. Neonatal TSH levels were the expected for a sufficient area. Conclusion: Although high goiter prevalence could be explained by environmental factors the distribut-ion of urinary iodide points out an adequate but marginal iodide supply underscoring the need of close monitoring.